Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are compounds crucial to Earth's climate system. They are vital for keeping the planet's temperature stable, but human activities have significantly increased their concentrations, leading to global warming and climate change. Comprehending these gases and their effects is key to creating effective climate change mitigation strategies.

The primary greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases. Each gas has unique sources and different abilities to trap heat, termed as their global warming potential (GWP).

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most common GHG, mainly released from burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas for energy and news transportation. Deforestation and certain industrial processes also release significant amounts of CO2. Although CO2 is less potent on a per-molecule basis than other GHGs, its abundance makes it the leading contributor to human-induced climate change.

Methane (CH4) is another potent GHG, with a GWP more than 25 times that of CO2 over a 100-year period. Methane is released during coal, oil, and natural gas production and transport, and from livestock, agriculture, landfills, and waste treatment. Despite its shorter atmospheric lifetime compared to CO2, methane's high GWP makes it a critical target for mitigation efforts.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is released from agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste. With a GWP nearly 300 times that of CO2, nitrous oxide is a powerful greenhouse gas, though it is present in the atmosphere in much smaller concentrations.

Fluorinated gases encompass hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF8), among others. These synthetic gases are used in a variety of industrial applications, including refrigeration, air conditioning, and electronics manufacturing. Fluorinated gases possess very high GWPs, making even minor emissions major contributors to climate change.

The effects of greenhouse gases go beyond just warming the planet. They contribute to extreme weather events, sea level rise, and shifts in ecosystems and biodiversity. Reducing GHG emissions needs a unified global effort, including policy changes, technological innovation, and shifts in consumer behavior.

Greenhouse gases are central to the discussion on climate change. While they are necessary for life on Earth, human activities have disrupted their natural balance, leading to significant environmental challenges. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive understanding of GHGs and coordinated action to reduce their emissions and mitigate their effects.