In 1964 little over ten elements could enter in a square centimetre. It makes possible the insertion of elements to form an integrated circuit, as it had been proposed by G. W. A. Dummer in 1952. Integrated circuits gradually substituted printed circuits as main computer processors, although printed circuits remained in use for simpler purposes. 1951: A-0 Coding Translator, by Captain Grace Hopper (United States Navy and Univac), first compiler of routines (repetitive tasks done many times by the computer in the same or in different programmes). In 1951 those modifications were released in a new model renamed UNIVAC I, Universal Automatic Computer I (see further below). 1947-1951: UNIVAC I, Universal Automatic Computer I, by Presper Eckert with John Mauchly (Sperry Rand), in collaboration with John Von Neumann, marketed by the Univac Division of Remington Rand. 1948-1951: EDVAC, Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, electronic digital computer using numbering base of two, perforated cards and vacuum tubes, by Presper Eckert with John Mauchly and in collaboration with John Von Neumann.

1948: BINAC, first computer using magnetic tapes (of big format), by John Mauchly in collaboration with Presper Eckert. The three scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1956. 1951: LEO, electronic digital computer using numbering base of two, serially built and commercially marketed. Claude Shannon greatly influenced further development of computers using numbering base of two, and definitely provoked the demise of the numbering base of ten for nearly all advanced computers. 1960: it is calculated the existence of about 5 000 computers in the world. Less than 50 computers in operation existed in the world before the IBM 650, but over 1 000 computers of this model were sold. This kind of computers are called "of second generation", which predominated from the 1950's to the 1960's. 1951: the contact point transresistor of Bardeen and Brattain is modified by William Shockley (Bell Telephone) and named junction transistor, made of germanium. About 1945: As We May Think, essay by Vannevar Bush (Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Director of the United States Office of Scientific Research and Development), describing a computer aided hyper text system that he named "Memex", able to find linked information and to insert easily new information by its different users.

1947-1949: EDSAC, Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator, electronic digital computer by Maurice Wilkes (Cambridge University), using numbering base of two and tubes with mercury. 1948: A Mathematical Theory of Communication, essay explaining how to apply the numbering base of two to computers, by Claude Shannon (Massachussetts Institute of Technology). 1953: magnetic memory, by Jay Forrester (Massachussetts Institute of Technology). 1956: TEC, Transistor Experimental Computer, by the Massachussetts Institute of Technology. It began in 1944 as an analogue computer, but it was shortly later modified to be digital. 1958: first elementary but complete programme for playing chess against a computer, by Doctor A. L. Samuel (International Business Machines). July 1958: system of time sharing is proposed at the Massachussetts Institute of Technology to substitute batch processing. 1960-1962: Space War, action game by Stephen Slug Russell, with Wayne Witanen and Martin Graetz, based on the Minskytron action game of Marvin Minsky, both programmes were created in the PDP-1 minicomputer of the Massachussetts Institute of Technology.

Whether you’re just starting out or looking to take your game to new heights, a solid grasp of the rules, game variations, and strategies will set you on the path to success. They can be executed via a terminal emulator, from the Krunner of KDE or other graphic interfaces, or from a data set manager such as Konqueror, PC Man FM, Krusader, Dolphin, et cetera. Mumps, Massachussetts General Hospital's Utility Multi Programming System: a programming language, operating system and data bank created in 1966 in the main hospital of Massachussetts. There have been about 2 000 known programming languages in the History of Computing (not counting dialects), about half of those languages for big computers and the other half for medium or small computers, what is billiards but the vast majority of them have had a very restricted use. First minicomputer, in fact the size of a very big wardrobe, but "mini" when compared to computers that occupied large rooms.